MISPLACED MODIFIERS

MISPLACED MODIFIERS

Of all the writing errors you can make, misplaced modifiers are
among the most likely to confuse your readers, but they're also kind of
fun because misplaced modifiers can give your sentences silly meanings
that you never intended. If you're not careful, you can end up writing
that your boss is a corn muffin instead of that your boss invested in corn muffins.



I once worked with an editor who e-mailed everyone in the office the
especially hilarious sentences created by misplaced modifiers. Each
day, we produced enough reports to keep two copy editors busy, and many
of the writers were scientists, so there were always lots of
opportunities to find misplaced modifiers. The e-mails were
entertaining, unless you were the one who had written the offending
sentence.



Modifiers are just what they sound like—words or phrases that modify
something else. Misplaced modifiers are modifiers that modify something
you didn't intend them to modify. For example, the word only is a modifier that's easy to misplace.



These two sentences mean different things:



I ate only vegetables.



I only ate vegetables.



The first sentence (I ate only vegetables) means that I ate nothing but vegetables—no fruit, no meat, just vegetables.



The second sentence (I only ate vegetables) means that all I did with vegetables was eat them. I didn't plant, harvest, wash, or cook them. I only ate them.



It's easiest to get modifiers right when you keep them as close as
possible to the thing they are modifying. When you're working with
one-word modifiers, for example, they usually go right before the word
they modify.



Here's another example of two sentences with very different meanings:



I almost failed every art class I took.



I failed almost every art class I took.



The first sentence (I almost failed every art class I took) means that although it was close, I passed all those classes.



The second sentence (I failed almost every art class I took) means that I passed only a few art classes.



Note again that the modifier, almost, acts on what directly follows it—almost failed versus almost every class. In either case, I'm probably not going to make a living as a painter, but these two sentences mean different things.



A similar rule applies when you have a short phrase at the beginning of
a sentence: whatever the phrase refers to should immediately follow the
comma. Here's an example:



Rolling down the hill, Squiggly was frightened that the rocks would land on the campsite.



In that sentence, it's Squiggly, not the rocks, rolling down the hill because the word Squiggly is what comes immediately after the modifying phrase, rolling down the hill.



To fix that sentence, I could write, “Rolling down the hill, the rocks
threatened the campsite and frightened Squiggly.” Or I could write,
“Squiggly was frightened that the rocks, which were rolling down the
hill, would land on the campsite.”



Here's another funny sentence:



Covered in wildflowers, Aardvark pondered the hillside's beauty.



In that sentence, Aardvark—not the hillside—is covered with wildflowers because the word Aardvark is what comes directly after the modifying phrase, covered in wildflowers.



If I want Aardvark to ponder a wildflower-covered hillside, I need to
write something like, “Covered in wildflowers, the hillside struck
Aardvark with its beauty.”



Here, the words the hillside immediately follow the modifying phrase, covered in wildflowers.



Or better yet, I could write, “Aardvark pondered the beauty of the wildflowers that covered the hillside.”







I can think of more ways to write that, but the point is to be careful
with introductory statements: they're often a breeding ground for
misplaced modifiers, so make sure they are modifying what you intend.



Modifiers are so funny! In addition to misplacing them, you can dangle them and make them squint!



A dangling modifier describes something that isn't even in your
sentence. Usually you are implying the subject and taking for granted
that your reader will know what you mean—not a good strategy. Here's an
example:



Hiking the trail, the birds chirped loudly.



The way the sentence is written, the birds are hiking the trail because
they are the only subject present in the sentence. If that's not what
you mean, you need to rewrite the sentence to something like, “Hiking
the trail, Squiggly and Aardvark heard birds chirping loudly.”



And how do you make a modifier squint? By placing it between two things
that it could reasonably modify, meaning the reader has no idea which
one to choose.



For example:



Children who laugh rarely are shy.



As written, that sentence could mean two different things: children who
rarely laugh are shy, or children who laugh are rarely shy.



In the original sentence (Children who laugh rarely are shy) the word rarely is squinting between the words laugh and are shy.
I think “shifty modifier” would be a better name, but I don't get to
name these things, so they are called squinting modifiers (or sometimes
they are also called two-way modifiers).



So remember to be careful with modifying words and phrases—they are
easily misplaced, dangled, and made to squint. My theory is that these
problems arise because you know what you mean to say, so the humor of
the errors doesn't jump out at you. Misplaced modifiers often crop up
in first drafts and are often easily noticed and remedied when you
re-read your work the next day.



That's all.



This week Mike Benda and Kristi win a copy of Bonnie Trenga's book The Curious Case of the Misplaced Modifier.
It's a cute little grammar book that uses a solve-the-mystery format to
make writing rules fun. The books are even signed! So congratulations
Mike and Kristi, and for people who didn't win and are interested, I'll
put a link on the Grammar Girl web site.



Next, if you're in New York City and you want to meet me, I'm going to
be speaking all day, every day, in the Microsoft LiveSearch booth at BookExpo America
in June, and I'll be signing my audiobook. The Microsoft booth is in a
general area, so you can come by even if you aren't registered for the
Expo. I'll put more details in the e-mail newsletter, so be sure to
sign up at QuickAndDirtyTips.com.



Some of the other Quick and Dirty Tips podcasts have fun topics this week. Modern Manners is talking about how to deal with smelly colleagues, and the Traveling Avatar is announcing the winners of his Second Life photo contest. So be sure to check them out.





Diversions



A new punctuation mark: the pomma point



Thanks



Thanks to Wesley from Planet Retcon for coming up with the title for the podcast feed: I Uploaded This Show To My Webhost Without A Title. (If you followed me at Twitter, you could have played along too.)

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